|
Tengiz field (Tengiz is Turkic for "sea") is an oil field located in northwestern Kazakhstan's low-lying wetlands along the northeast shores of the Caspian Sea. It covers a project license area which also includes a smaller Korolev field as well as several exploratory prospects. Sizewise, Tengiz reservoir is wide and long Discovered in 1979, Tengiz oil field is one of the largest discoveries in recent history.〔 〕 The city of Atyrau, north of Tengiz, is the main transport hub of Tengiz oil. Many nations are involved in a large geopolitical competition to secure access to this source of oil. Tengiz is operated by Tengizchevroil, a 40-year partnership planning to produce billions of barrels of oil from the field. The Tengizchevroil (TCO) consortium has developed the Tengiz field since its founding in April 1993. The partners in Tengizchevroil are Chevron (50%), Exxon Mobil (25%), the Kazakhstan government through Kazakhstan Petroleum (20%) and Lukoil (5%) In 2001, the partners opened a US$2.7 billion, Caspian Pipeline Consortium pipeline to export oil from Tengiz to the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk in Russia. The pipeline which was inaugurated in March 2001 (and loaded its first tanker in October 2001) carried with planned output of for 2010 and an eventual maximum output of . Kashagan, which is located approximately west of Tengiz and is world's largest discovery in the last 30 years, and Tengiz combined, compete with the of the US oil reserves.〔 〕 Kazakhstan also considers building new export routes such as Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline through Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey or through Iran to reduce dependence on Russia.〔 〕 ==History== Kazakhstan finalized the consortium agreement with Chevron in 1993.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tengizchevroil Fact Sheet 1H 2015 )〕 In 1997, Lukoil purchased 5% in the Tengiz project from Chevron,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia's Lukoil Buys 5% of Chevron Project )〕 and in 2000, Chevron built up its interest in the project to 50% by acquiring additional shares〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tengiz Oil Field )〕 from Kazakhstan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Horizons of Kazakhstan's Oil Production )〕 In 2003, Fluor was awarded the rights〔 to develop the Second Generation Plant (SGP) and Sour Gas Injection (SGI) project, which were expected to double production.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=TengizChevroil SGI/SGP Onshore Oil and Gas Projects - Project Management & Engineering )〕 In 2004, the Tengiz Consortium raised $1.1 billion in senior secured bonds to finance these two projects. These two projects were expected to finish in 2006. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Fitch Assigns Tengizchevroil Expected ‘BBB-’ Rating )〕 The SGP and SGI expansion projects (worth over $6.9 billion) were completed in the second part of 2008.〔 In 2012, TengizChevroil began a new project, called the Future Growth Project (FGP), whose aim is to continue to increase the field's production.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tengizchevroil at the Start of the Future Growth Project )〕 In 2014, Chevron and its partners, KazMunaiGas, ExxonMobil and Lukoil began the process of selecting engineering companies to work on the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the Future Growth Project, which will further expand the TCO oil field.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chevron and KMG align offers on Kazakhstan Future Growth Project )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tengiz Field」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|